They are distributed throughout in Himalayas. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The various species of Ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and … Gymnosperms; Angiosperms. 12. Coniferales are the dominant forest-makers of the world. Gymnosperms 1. Tsuga dumosa grows luxuriently in Darjeeling and adjacent regions, along with Abies densa, above an altitude of 2700 metres. J. communis occurs between 2900-4250 metres in Garhwal Himalayas, whereas J. coxii grows both in eastern as well as Western Himalayas. Examples of Gymnosperm Conifers. Gnetales 3. Presentation Outline • Overview of Gymnosperms • Evolution • Characteristics of Gymnosperms • Comparing the sporophyte-gametophyte relationship in seedless plants and Gymnosperms • Life cycle of a pine • The four phyla of Gymnosperms and their Importance Answer Now and help others. These are distributed widely in dry parts of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and parts of Sikkim, Kashmir, and also at high altitudes in Himalayas. Besides the above-mentioned 10 genera, which grow naturally in different parts of India, some Coniferales are cultivated as ornamentals in Indian gardens. Bentham and Hooker (1883) placed Gymnosperms between Dicots and Monocots in their classification (General Plantarum). Gymnosperm # 1. There include Araucaria cooki and A. cunninghamii of Araucariaceae, Thuja occidentalis and Cupressus cashmeriana of Cupressaceae. Our findings showed that the gymnosperms’ richness formed a hump-shaped distribution pattern. This beautiful tree is famous for its wood, and grows in western Himalayas between 1200-3300 metres. Callitris cupressi of Cupressaceae is grown as a hedge plant in Nilgiris, whereas Cryptomeria japonica of Taxodiaceae is grown in Darjeeling and other areas. Juniperus squamata: It is mostly found in an elevation of 3300m to 4400m. ). 4. In Nepal Tsuga dumosa occurs all along inner ranges of the Himalayas. These are P. roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. insular is, P. gerardiana, P.armandi and P.merkusii. They are most abundant in the temperate region. Home Distribution of Gymnosperms (conifers) in Nepal. J. wallichiana grows at an altitude between 3000 to 4200 metres in the Himalayan ranges. Results Although the diversity of gymnosperms decreases at equatorial lati-tudes, approximately 50% of the extant species occur primarily between the tropics. It is most common in the forests of Jumla. Conifers, in the division Pinophyta or Coniferophyta, are the most numerous of the gymnosperms; woody and with vascular tissue, these are cone bearing trees and shrubs. How to make biofertilizer from it? 11. Distribution of gymnosperms in the distant past was much more extensive than at present. Cycas pectinata: It is a palm like evergreen plant attaining a height of about 2.5m to 5m tall. A. pindrow grows luxuriantly at about 2500 metres above sea level, whereas A. delavayi occurs commonly at an altitude of about 2750-3350 metres above sea level. It occurs in sub-tropical forests of Eastern region and Central region. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Many are adapted to cold climatic conditions, … GYMNOSPERMS. In addition to their ornamental value, the Gymnosperms are of much use to the human beings as they provide … Out of 54 living genera of Coniferales in the world, ten have been reported from different parts of India. It is mostly found in Himalayan regions. The former grows in Andaman Islands and eastern Himalayas, whereas latter grows in Nilgiri hills and Assam. ( Log Out / ( Log Out / Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge Distribution of Gymnosperms (conifers) in Nepal. How are waste products excreted in amoeba? Northeast India has highest diversity of gymnos… Ø Gymnosperms were originated in the Paleozoic Era (541 – 252 million years ago). In the Plains only Ephedra foliata Borss. The individual effect of energy-water predictor set was identified as the primary determinant of species richness. Picea smithiana(June Salla): It is a tall tree occurring at elevation of 2300m to 3600m in inner Himalayan regions. Maxfocus/iStock/Getty Images Plus. According to Maarten & al. They are distributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. 3. Classification of Gymnosperms by Sporne (1965) (The Sporne’s System of classification of Gymnosperms) There are many systems of classifications for Gymnosperms in the literature. These are Cycas beddomei (Madras and dry hills of Cudapah in Andhra Pradesh), C. circinalis (Andaman and Nicobar Islands and some dry deciduous forests of South India), C. rumphii (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), C griffithi (Manipur and Nega Hills) and C. pectinata (Assam, Bihar, Sikkim and several parts or Eastern India). Northeast India has highest diversity of gymnosperms in India. These are Ephedra foliata, E. gerardiana, E. intermedia, E. nebrodensis, E. regeliana and E. saxatilis. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. There are about 70 genera and 725 spps of living gymnosperms in the world. The free living gametophyte is … Conifers The conifers are the most common and abundant group of "gymnosperms" alive today. On the basis of the congruence in the distribution of these genera, nine areas of endemism were recognised. Juniperus indica: It is a bushy tree found mostly in an elevation of 2500m to 4000m altitude. Deodar). C. revoluta, a Japanese species, is cultivated commonly in Indian gardens. Distribution of Species The total number of species belonging to gymnosperms which are known in Pakistan are 17 and out of these 13 are conifers and rest of these are Ephedra. Chilgoza) occurs on the Himalayan flanks extending from Punjab to Afghanistan and Baluchistan ranging within the altitudes of 5000 to 12000 feet. Cedrus, in India, is represented by only one species i.e. Gnetales 3. Distribution of Gymnosperms (conifers) in Nepal, how often do you have to do a reset of cbd, Endemic Butterflies of Nepal/ Butterflies species only found in Nepal, Landrace varieties of rice in Nepal/ Indigenous rice varieties of Nepal. They are woody plants with scale-like or needle-like leaves. In the outer ranges of Kashmir, Murree Hills, Hazara, Swat and Dir which are under the dominant influence of summer monsoon rains only Conifers consisting of Pinus roxburgii Sarg. There are about 70 genera and 725 spps of living gymnosperms in the world. It forms pure or mixed forests on hill slopes at elevation of 1500m – 3300m. Done by: TheRock Peterson 2. 9. These are Abies, Cedrus, Cephalotaxus, Cupressus, Juniperus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Podocarpus and Tsuga. They maintain their dominance only in the colder region of the world and account of about one third of the world’s forest. They are distributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. 1. The forest of Pinus wallichiana is abundant in Karnali river in the western Nepal and the Kali Gandaki river in the central Nepal. Larix griffithiana occurs generally mixed with Abies, Pinus and Tsuga in Sikkim, Chumbi valley of Tibet, Bhutan and Mishmi Hills in Assam. The distribution of the majority of these members is restricted mainly in the Himalayas, and governed chiefly by altitudes. Ephedra foliata is the only gymnosperm which grows in the plains and adjoining low hills upto 500 feet. Distribution of gymnosperm in world. With 24 species, conifers are the most diverse group followed by Gnetales with 6 species. It has been divided into two sub-divisions. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. While, the joint effects of energy-water and physical-tolerance predictors have explained highest variations in gymnosperm distribution. In West Pakistan 17 species of Gymnosperms are found wild. Distribution of Gymnosperms in pakistan 1. Distribution of gymnosperm in India. Gymnosperm Introduction: classification of gymnosperms The division spermatophyte (sperma=seed, phyton=plant) as the name suggest include all the seed bearing plants. 7. (2011) there are 1026 species in 84 genera in the world in almost all continents, except Antartica. phylum of gymnosperms. It grows at 2700m to 4000m altitude. Female gametophytes produce eggs, and male gametophytes produce sperm. Two species of Podocarpus (P.neerifolia and P. wallichianus) occur in India. Life cycle Indian Cycadales are represented by only 5 species of Cycas and occur mainly in South India. and distribution maps based on Takhtajan’s floristic regions were used. Ephedra gerardiana: It grows up to 3 m high (tall). Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only extant genus in its family, Ephedraceae, and order, Ephedrales. Ephedra intermedia: It is only found from upper Kali Gandaki valleys. General features. 7. It is mostly abundant in an altitude of 1500m. TOS4. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. More than 43% of gymnosperms can occur at very low elevations (≤ 200 m a.s.l. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The following points highlight the top three gymnosperms found in India. In fact, gymnosperms were dominant in the Mesozoic era (245 to 66.4 million years ago), during which time some of the modern families originated (Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, Taxodiaceae). It does not occur in wild state. Ephedra, in India, is represented by only 6 species. Larix griffithiana: It is a deciduous tree found in Eastern Himalayas. The fossils of gymnosperms are found near coal and oil deposits. A distributional analysis of 81 gymnosperm genera was undertaken. Ø Distribution: Temperate and Tropical regions. Ø Gymnosperms are a small ancient group of seed plants consisting of 83 genera and 1080 species. It prefers dry region to grow. Robert Brown (1827) for the first time recognized Gymnosperms as a separate group of plants. Seeds For the lower vascular plants the important evolutionary development was in the water and food conducting tissues of the sporophyte. The Coniferophyta division contains conifers, which have the greatest variety of species among gymnosperms.Most conifers are evergreen (retain their leaves throughout the year) and include some of the largest, tallest and oldest trees on the planet. Brief history of the classification of Gymnosperms: There are many systems for the classification of Gymnosperms in the literature. what are the cbd/thc percentages in medical marijuana? What is a living organism? Gynmosperms are a group of ancient plants. Northeast India has highest diversity of gymnosperms in India. 1. In the previous post, we discussed the Chamberlain’s System of Classification of Gymnosperms. They have worldwide distribution. Cycadales 2. Indian Gnetales include species of Gnetum and Ephedra. Cycadales: Indian Cycadales are represented by only 5 species of Cycas and occur mainly in South India. Hooker (1883) while classifying Angiosperms placed Gymnosperms between dicotyledons and monocotyledons in their book “Genera Plantarum”. The tree usually appears from 1200m – 2100m altitude. G. ula, G. contractum, G. gnemon, G. montanum and G. latifolium) occur in various parts of the country. The sub-division Gymnosperms (gymnos=naked, sperma=seed) includes simpler and primitive plants of the division spermatophyta. Welwitschia, the third genus of the order, has not been reported from India. It is dominant in Western and Central Nepal but absent in most part of Eastern Nepal. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? How you appreciate the mechanism of respiration in our body? Cupressus tortulosa grows throughout in the outer and middle ranges of Himalayas from Chamba hills in Himachal Pradesh to Aka Hills in Assam at an altitudes from 1800 to 2800 metres C. funiberus and C. sempervirens are cultivated as ornamental plants in Indian gardens. Examples of conifers include pines, sequoias, firs, hemlock, and spruces. Answer:Gymnosperms of the region also share distribution with adjacent regions especially the coniferous plants. Gymnosperms (from the Greek, γυμνόσπερμος, meaning "naked seed" because the seeds do not develop within an ovary). J. macropoda grows between 2500-4300 metres in Laddakh, Kanawar and Alaknanda valley, whereas J. recurva and J. squamalata grow between 3000-5000 metres in the eastern Himalayas. Gymnosperm s of the reg ion al so sha re distribution w ith ad jacent regions especially the conife rous plants. The seeds of some conifers have a thin winglike structure that may assist in the distribution of the seed. It is abundantly found in Eastern Nepal. Pinus roxburghii(Khote salla): A large tree of ten attains a height of 30m under favorable condition. Change ). Cycads are represented by only one species. Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Pinus wallichiana (Rani Sallo): It is known as gobresallo. Some common species of gymnosperms in Nepal are mentioned below: 2. The sarcotesta is often brightly coloured in cycads and the sarcotesta of Ginkgo seeds is foul-smelling when ripe. ( Log Out / What are gymnosperms? In the pine (a conifer), sexual reproduction takes more than two years. The life cycle of a gymnosperm alternates between a large sporophyte (the dominant generation), which produces two types of spores in cones, and microscopic gametophytes, which produce gametes. 8. Saira Mehar Roll#13 BS-Botany 5th-Semester 2. In gymnosperms such as cycads and Ginkgo, the seed coat is known as the sarcotesta and consists of two layers. The gymnosperms are: 1. Pinus insularis grows in Khasia and Chittagong hills. Distribution of gymnosperm in Pakistan. Out of these 13 species belong to the conifers and 4 species are of Ephedra. Share Your PPT File. Ø They were the dominant plants of Jurassic and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic era. Share Your PDF File What is the world’s most endangered animal? Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Robert Brown first recognized Gymnosperm as a separate group of plants in 1827.; George Bentham and J.D. Distribution of gymnosperm in Nepal. Content Guidelines 2. Larix hamilaica: It is mostly dominant in central Nepal. These can be identified by observing habit, leaf type, and position and structure of the reproductive organs. Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! ( Log Out / Habitat of Gymnosperms Occupy large areas of the Earths surface Can grow in drier conditions Gnetophytes grow at high altitudes Cycads are distributed throughout the world but are concentrated in equatorial regions Singh & Srivastava (2013) reported 146 species and 8 varieties (indigenous/introduced) of gymnosperms in 46 genera belonging to 12 families from India. The gymnosperms are: 1. The word “Gymnosperm” comes from the Greek words “gymnos”(naked) and “sperma”(seed), hence “Naked seeds.” Gymnosperms are the Pinus roxburghii (vern. Cedrus deodara (vern. 6. It is found in Langtang valley of Nepal. Six species of Juniperus have been reported from higher altitudes of eastern as well as western Himalayan regions of India and Bhutan. Tree tumbo (Anonymous [no date]), welwitschia, tumboa, n'tumbo [Angolan], tweeblaarkanniedood [Afrikaans] !kharos [Nama/Damara], nyanka [Damara], khurub [Nama], onyanga [Herero] (Notten 2003). Tsuga dumosa: It is a tall plant distributed in temperate regions at an altitude of 2100m to 3600m. Picea smithiana grows in western Himalayas and attains a height of about 60 metres. ; Van Tiegham (1898) first recognized Gymnosperms as a major division of … As we move on through the plant kingdom the next important development was the seed. Kyatuke botanical name? The following points highlight the top three gymnosperms found in India. is found. Junipersus recurva: It is mostly distributed in inner regions of Himalayas at an elevation of 3000m to 4500m altitude. January 24, 2016 aatiyekobaigyanik Nepalese Bioresources. Share Your Word File At present about 83 genera and approximately 790 species of living gymnosperms are distributed throughout temperate, tropical and arctic regions of the world. Group 9 3. • Kramer & Green (see Kubitzki, 1990) have classified the Division Gymnosperms into two Subdivision as • follows:- • Cycadophytina Coniferophytina Classes- Cycadatae Order- Cycadales Families- 1.Stangeriaceae 2.Boweniaceae 3.Cycadaceae 4.Zamiaceae Classes- Gnetatae Orders- Gnetales Families- 1.Ephedrac eae 2.Gnetacea e 3.Welwitsc hiaceae Classes- Ginkgoatae Order- Ginkgoales … External Features of Gymnosperms: 1. The groups of living gymnosperms are the conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Pinus is represented by 6 species in India. Explain its main characters. Notes: The distribution area on the map should be expanded to include the range of Macrozamia macdonnelliana in the central region of Australia, Zamia boliviana in Bolivia and Mato Grosso, Brazil, Cycas thouarsii on Comoros and Seychelles, and Cycas micronesica on the islands of Guam, Palau, Rota, & Yap. Privacy Policy3. Gymnosperms were dominant plants over the earth’s surface during the jurassic and cretaceous periods of mesozoic era. Five species of Gnetum (viz. Gymnosperms: Cycad Cones. 5. Coniferales. Coniferales. A. densa grows luxuriantly in Darjeeling and adjacent hills. It grows from Afghanistan to Kumaon. They become dominant in the Jurassic period Most of the gymnosperms are evergreen trees. Some shrubby pl..flas are also found in this group. Conifers can be found growing in all parts of the world, although they most notably dominate the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere. Pinus gerardiana (vern. This means that the origins of gymnosperms and angiosperms should be found there. (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Placement of Gymnosperm in Plant Kingdom. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. Cephalotaxus grows in eastern Himalayas, and is represented by only two species (C. griffithi and C. mannii). Cycadales 2. Brief description of their distribution is mentioned below: Abies is represented in the country by only 4 species, of which A. delavayi and A. densa grow in eastern Himalayas, whereas A. pindrow and A. spectabilis are restricted to western Himalayas. Chir) grows at lower altitudes between 2000-5000 feet, whereas P. wallichiana grows in north-west Himalayas ranging from an elevation of 5000-12000 feet. 10. According to Bhardwaj (1957) various Indian species of Gnetum along with their places of distribution in parenthesis include G. ula (Western Ghats near Khandala, forests of Kerala, Nilgiris, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa), G. contractum (Nilgiri Hills, Conoor and hills of Kerala), G. gnemon (eastern parts of the country, particularly Assam), G. montanum (Assam, Sikkim and parts of Orissa) and G. latifolium (Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Gymnosperms of the region also share distribution with adjacent regions especially the coniferous plants.
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