The Block 1 (1988) upgrade offered various improvements in radar, ammunition, rate of fire, increasing engagement elevation to +70 degrees, and computing. Block 1A introduced a new computer system to counter more maneuverable targets. Due to the common mounting, SeaRAM inherits the relatively easy installation characteristics of its gun-based sibling, with Raytheon stating that "[SeaRAM] fits the exact With such a high rate of fire they are able to inflict massive amounts of damage in a small amount of time. The kinetic projectiles are designed to pierce and … Phalanx is a Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) designed as a last chance, point defense, automated gun system designed to destroy in-bound anti-ship cruise missiles. The velocity of the rounds once fired is approximately 3,600 feet per second (1,100 m/s). The only inputs required for operation are 440 V AC three-phase electric power at 60 Hzand water (for electronics cooling)… The Phalanx CIWS 20 mm rounds are designed to destroy a missile's airframe and make it unaerodynamic, thus keeping shrapnel from the exploding projectile to a minimum, effectively keeping secondary damage to a … The first prototype system was offered to the U.S. Navy for evaluation on USS King in 1973 and it was determined that additional improvements were required to improve performance and reliability. The C-RAM is a ground based gun that is similar to our Navy’s Phalanx CIWS “R2D2” protection system that protects vessels from incoming missiles. This defence comes courtesy of thousands of armour-piercing tungsten and depleted uranium rounds, which are projected from the autocannon at 1,100 metres (3,610 feet) per second. However, with each round released at 1,100 meters-per-second, the crew on board will feel much safer when the installation is complete. Daily military news updates from defense technology, international news and more. For all intents and purposes a terrestrial version of the Navy's CIWS, the Centurion was rapidly developed,[23] with a proof of concept test in November that same year. A Phalanx firing at 75 rounds for a second results in one round every 14.6 meters. The CIWS has only the data it collects in real time from the radars to decide if the target is a threat and to engage it. This caused significant damage and fire from the drone's residual fuel, which also killed a civilian instructor aboard this ship. The system takes minimal inputs from the ship, making it capable of functioning despite potential damage to the ship. There is stowage for 160 rounds on the gun – just under 15 seconds continuous firing. Both pilots ejected safely. This Gatling Gun detachment fired a total of 18,000 rounds in just eight and a half minutes, wreaking terrible carnage. Any contact below that velocity will not be engaged by the CIWS. Compared to a range of air-to-surface missiles, this is relatively short. [15][16], On October 11, 1989, the USS El Paso was conducting a live fire exercise off the east coast of the United States using the Phalanx against a target drone. The track antenna is extremely precise, but views a much smaller area. The Phalanx is a formidable close-range gun which can fire up to 172 rounds per second. Seeking a solution to constant rocket and mortar attacks on bases in Iraq, the United States Army requested a quick-to-field anti-projectile system in May 2004, as part of its Counter-Rocket, Artillery, Mortar initiative. While captured German designs (principally the Mauser MG 213C) showed the potential of the single-barrel revolver cannon, the practical rate of fire of such a desi… [29] The Centurion is reportedly capable of defending a 1.2 km square area. The Block 0 CIWS mounts (hydraulic driven) fired at a rate of 3,000 rounds per minute and held 989 rounds in the magazine drum. The prototype gun system was rated at 16,000 rounds per second or 1,000,000 rounds per minute. A Phalanx aboard the Asagiri class destroyer Yūgiri locked onto the Intruder instead of the target. U.S. Navy sailors load tungsten ammunition (white sabots at right) and off-load dummy ammunition (left). The search subsystem provides bearing, range, velocity, heading, and altitude information of potential targets to the CIWS computer. The system takes minimal inputs from the ship, making it capable of functioning despite potential damage to the ship. When the target is about 2km away from the ship, the gun opens fire. Has both radar ,optical and in-fared targeting. Is the contact traveling between the minimum and maximum velocities? [9] This addition was developed to provide ship defense against small vessel threats and other "floaters" in littoral waters and to improve the weapon's performance against slower low-flying aircraft. But the next problem was linking the gun to a fire control radar and area radar (to anticipate the threat). What kind of drones? The Navy began placing CIWS systems on non-combatant vessels in 1984. The Block 1B PSuM (Phalanx Surface Mode, 1999) adds a forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensor to allow the weapon to be used against surface targets. [4] The Block 1 CIWS mounts (hydraulic) also fired at 3,000 rounds per minute with an extended magazine drum holding 1,550 rounds. It has 2 long ranged multi-barrled, phalanx, laser mini-guns based on the anti-missile phalanx mini-gun designed by the U.S.A in the early 1990's. The work is to be completed by September 2012.[11]. A contact has to meet multiple criteria for it to be considered a target. Raytheon Missile Systems Phalanx Block 1B close-in weapon system (CIWS) on board the Royal Navy Type 45 destroyer HMS Daring. Rounds are fired at 1,100 meters per-second, and HMS Queen Elizabeth will hold three Phalanx systems (Picture: US Department of Defense). Phalanx for C-RAM uses M246 HEI-TSD or M940 MPT-SD rounds. The Phalanx CIWS 20MM rounds are designed to destroy a missile's airframe and make it unaerodynamic, thus keeping shrapnel from the exploding projectile to a minimum, effectively keeping collateral damage to a minimum. [28], Like the naval (1B) version, Centurion uses Ku-band radar and FLIR[29] to detect and track incoming projectiles, and is also capable of engaging surface targets, with the system able to reach a −25 degree elevation. Designed as a companion self-defense system to Phalanx,[32] the SeaRAM is equipped with an 11 cell RAM launcher, and provides defense at a longer range. [23][31] These rounds explode on impact with the target, or upon tracer burnout, thereby greatly reducing the risk of collateral damage, should any rounds fail to hit their target. For an incoming vampire travelling in an absolutely direct straight line at the Phalanx barrel that’s fine. 75 rounds per second leave the barrel at a velocity of 1,113 meters per second. It was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division[4] (now a part of Raytheon). Once the computer identifies a valid target (see details below), the mount moves to face the target and then hands the target over to the track antenna. The gun's rate of fire, essentially 100 rounds per second, gives the pilot a shot density that will enable a "kill" when fired in one-second bursts. The first ship fully fitted out was the USS Coral Sea in 1980. A sailor sits at a CIWS Local Control Panel (LCP) during a general quarters drill. It is shown compared to the 20x110mm cartridge used by the M3, M24, Mk … At the end of World War II, the United States Army began to consider new directions for future military aircraft guns. If a target exceeds this velocity, the CIWS will not engage it. The velocity of the rounds fired is about 3,600 feet per second (1,100 m/s). The velocity of the rounds fired is about 3,600 feet per second (1,100 m/s). It also has a minimum target velocity limit. General Electric took up “Project Vulcan” in 1946 to develop the 20mm rotary cannon that could be capable of firing 7,200 rounds per minute. The operator also has the option to adjust the minimum and maximum limits within the limits of the system. [6], Because of their distinctive barrel-shaped radome and their automated nature of operation, Phalanx CIWS units are sometimes nicknamed "R2-D2" after the famous droid from Star Wars.[7][8]. [19] A post-accident investigation concluded that the Yūgiri's gunnery officer gave the order to fire before the A-6 was out of the CIWS engagement envelope.[20][21]. It’s the last line of defense! On the Phalanx CIWS machine gun that fires 4500-6000 rounds per minute, how much does each round cost? Due to the continuing evolution of both threats and computer technology, the Phalanx system has, like most military systems, been developed through a number of different configurations. These improvements were intended to increase the system's capability against emerging Russian supersonic anti-ship missiles. Consisting of a radar-guided 20 mm (0.79 in) Gatling gun mounted on a swiveling base, the Phalanx is used by multiple Navies around the world, namely the Royal Navy and the United States Navy on every class of surface combat ship, by the United States Coast Guard aboard its Hamilton-class and Legend-class cutters and the navies of 16 allied nations. The 20mm Phalanx CIWS and the 30mm combination provides a formidable additional line of anti-aircraft defence. [30] One major difference between the land and sea based variants is the choice of ammunition. So long as the rounds are in flight … Subsequently, the Phalanx Operational Suitability Model (OSM) successfully completed Operational Test and Evaluation (OPEVAL) onboard USS Bigelow in 1977. ... and faster-firing than the already-lightweight GAU-19/B, but 21 … In modern aircraft, the M61 was designed to be hydraulically driven and electrically primed. [6][27] In 2008, there were more than twenty CIWS systems protecting bases in the U.S. Central Command area of operations. shipboard installation footprint of the Phalanx, uses the same power and requires minimal shipboard modification. [22] The end result of this program was 'Centurion'. MK 15 Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) The MK 15 Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS - pronounced "sea-whiz") is a fast-reaction, rapid-fire 20-millimeter gun system that provides US Navy ships with a terminal defense against anti-ship missiles that have penetrated other fleet defenses. Due to its design criteria, its effective range is very short relative to the range of modern ASMs, from 1 to 5 nautical miles (2 to 9 km). The Phalanx system on Jarrett, operating in the automatic target-acquisition mode, fixed upon Missouri's chaff, releasing a burst of rounds. A technician checks the RADAR transmitter and microwave assemblies of a Phalanx CIWS, most likely a Block 0. The Counter-Rocket, Artillery, Mortar (C-RAM) Intercept Land-based Phalanx Weapon System (LPWS) program evolved from the operational success of the C-RAM system-of-systems effort in theater. Based on the success of Centurion, 23 additional systems were ordered in September 2008. Phalanx has become a popular naval weapon that’s also effective against helicopters, UAVs, and even small boats. The CIWS search radar will see contacts that are out-bound and discard them. The M61-series gun uses the 20x102mm cartridge (left). The CIWS has two antennas that work together to engage targets. Submarines are armed with Spearfish torpedos which can eliminate other submarines and ships. Thus, the Italians started by making their gun more rapid fire, raising the 80 rounds per minute to 100 rounds per minute by improving the … The Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) was developed as the last line of automated weapons defense (terminal defense or point defense) against anti-ship missiles (AShMs), including high-g and maneuvering sea-skimmers. This version primarily used bt navy vessels for anti missile defense up to two miles. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. This is the opposite design philosophy to the 20mm Phalanx Gatling gun, used to defend U.S. warships. A Raytheon spokesman told Navy Times that 105 attacks were defeated by the systems, most of those involved mortars. The drone was successfully engaged, but as the drone fell to the sea, the CIWS re-engaged it as a continued threat to the El Paso. Some of the criteria are listed below. [9], The U.S. is in the process of upgrading all their Phalanx systems to the Block 1B configuration. MilitaryLeak is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. OSM exceeded operational maintenance, reliability, and availability specifications. The velocity of the rounds fired is approximately 3,600 feet per second (1,100 m/s). This information is analyzed to determine whether the detected object should be engaged by the CIWS system. Italian Dardo ("Dart") This CIWS system takes a different approach to engaging incoming enemies, … ... Muzzle velocity is 3,650 feet per second (1,113 meters per second) for the Mk 149 cartridge. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The system has a target maximum velocity limit. The FLIR's capability is also of use against low-observability missiles and can be linked with the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) system to increase RAM engagement range and accuracy. The mount weighs 1,200 kg with ammunition and can fire up to 650 rounds per minute. As some general comments, the M940 is said to be effective against mortar rounds at ranges up to 2,200 yards (2,000 m) and has a time of flight at that range of 3.69 seconds. It transitioned to an acquisition program to provide counter-RAM protection to the Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC)/Avenger Battalions, 5th Battalion, 5th Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Regiment and 2nd Battalion, 44th ADA Regime… Phalanx production started with orders for 23 USN and 14 Foreign Military Sales (FMS) systems. The Mk15 Phalanx system was originally developed as a ship’s final hope against incoming missiles: a radar-guided 20mm gatling gun would would fire up to 6,000 rounds per minute, throwing up a last-ditch wall of lead. – Free Online Library", http://www.thefreelibrary.com/First+C-RAM+joint+intercept+battery+organizes+for+combat.-a0193035939, http://www.timripley.co.uk/articles/jdw_uk_deploys_c_ram.pdf, http://www.spacewar.com/reports/BMD_Focus_Barak_dithered_on_Phalanx_999.html, "Israel may buy rapid-fire cannon" Jerusalem Post Dec 20, 2007, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/a-laser-phalanx-03783/, http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/RAM082709.xml&headline=Counter-RAM%20Systems%20Target%20Rockets, "Mk 15 Phalanx Block 0 / CIWS, Close-In Weapon System", http://www.deagel.com/Ship-Air-Defense-Systems/Mk-15-Phalanx-Block-0_a001641001.aspx, http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/europe/greece.htm, "Mk 15 Phalanx Block 1B / CIWS, Close-In Weapon System", http://www.deagel.com/Ship-Air-Defense-Systems/Mk-15-Phalanx-Block-1B_a001641003.aspx, http://www.haaretz.com/news/mexico-buys-israeli-missile-ships-helicopters-for-90-million-1.109519, http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/asiapac/thailand.htm, Official United States Navy Warfighters Encyclopedia CIWS page, Raytheon Company Phalanx CIWS product page, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS?oldid=5214404, Pages using invalid self-closed HTML tags, 12,500 lb (5,700 kg), later models 13,600 lb (6,200 kg), • Block 0 & 1 (L76 gun barrel): 1,520 mm (59.8 in), 6-barrel (progressive RH parabolic twist, 9 grooves). On June 4, 1996, a Japanese Phalanx accidentally shot down a US A-6 Intruder from the USS Independence that was towing a radar target during gunnery exercises about 1,500 miles west of the main Hawaiian island of Oahu. Rounds from the Phalanx struck the bridge of the USS Iwo Jima, killing a US Navy officer and injuring a US Navy petty officer.[17]. If a contact is not heading directly at the ship, the CIWS looks at its heading in relation to the ship and its velocity. The entire unit has a mass between 5,500 and 6,100 kg (12,400 to 13,500 lb). The gun system was developed by an Australian weapons company by the same name. On February 25, 1991, during the first Gulf War, the Phalanx-equipped USS Jarrett was a few miles from the USS Missouri and the destroyer HMS Gloucester. The basis of the system is the 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun autocannon, used since the 1960s by the United States military in nearly all fighter aircraft (and one land mounting, the M163 VADS), linked to a Ku-band radar system for acquiring and tracking targets. We don’t know, but what is the cost of missing the target? Accidental downing of US aircraft by the Japanese destroyer, Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=800&ct=2, "USA 20 mm Phalanx Close-in Weapon System (CIWS)", http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_Phalanx.htm, "MK 15 Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS)", http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/mk-15-specs.htm, "Murdoc online March 20, 2006 CIWS now does surface targets, too", http://www.murdoconline.net/archives/003558.html, http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Phalanx_Has_A_Future_999.html, "TELUS, news, headlines, stories, breaking, canada, canadian, national", http://home.mytelus.com/telusen/portal/NewsChannel.aspx?CatID=National&ArticleID=news/capfeed/national/n111837A.xml, http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/phalanx/, "Raytheon Awarded Phalanx 1B Upgrade Order for Royal Navy", http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/04-19-2006/0004342799&EDATE=Apr+19,+2006, "Navy Awards $260 Million In Additional Work On Ship Weapons System To Raytheon", "AK-630 Gatling Gun Close in Weapon System", http://www.indian-military.org/navy/ordnance/close-in-weapon-system/267-ak-630-gatling-gun-close-in-weapon-system.html, http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNIT_4cm-70_Breda.htm, http://www.historycentral.com/navy/FFG/Antrim.html, "Iwo Jima Officer Killed In Firing Exercise", http://articles.dailypress.com/1989-10-12/news/8910120238_1_iwo-jima-ship-close-in-weapons-system, http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm, Japan apologizes for gunning down U.S. plane, Human Error Cited In Downing Of Navy Plane By Japanese, Transcript of the DoD investigation of the incident, "Army C-RAM Intercepts 100th Mortar Bomb in Iraq", http://defense-update.com/newscast/0508/news/news2105_c_ram.htm, http://www.navytimes.com/legacy/new/0-NAVYPAPER-910768.php, "First C-RAM joint intercept battery organizes for combat. Due to its design criteria its effective range is very short relative to the range of modern ASMs, from 1 to 5 nautical miles (9 km). The CIWS will only engage a target if it is approaching the ship. [10], In May 2009, the US Navy awarded a $260 million contract to Raytheon Missile Systems to perform upgrades and other work on the Phalanx. The search radar can be seen at the top left with the vertical, orange-peel shaped, tracking radar below it. 600/900 rounds per minute: 200/1000 rounds per minute (effective/ flat-trajectory) Range: 4,000 m (13,000 ft) 3,600 m (11,800 ft) 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 4,000 m (13,000 ft) 3,500 m (11,500 ft) Ammunition storage: 2,000 rounds: 1,550 rounds: 1,190 rounds: 736 rounds: 252 rounds: Muzzle velocity: 900 m (3,000 ft) per second: 1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second: 1,109 m (3,638 ft) per second ... M163 and M167 Vulcan Air Defense Systems (VADS, until 1994), and Navy Mk. 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The tracking subsystem observes the target until the computer determines that the probability of a successful hit is maximized and then, depending on the operator conditions, the system will either fire automatically or will recommend fire to the operator. CIWS Phalanx gun system. In 2007, Metal Storm Inc. started delivering its gun systems to the US Navy for surface ships. The gatling gun fires 20mm ammunition at either 3,000 or 4,500 rounds-per-minute with a … It then decides if the contact can still perform a maneuver to hit the ship. The rounds are armor-piercing tungsten penetrator rounds or depleted uranium with discarding sabots. Is the contact capable of maneuvering to hit the ship? The rounds are armor-piercing tungsten penetrator rounds or depleted uranium with discardable sabots . The Block 1A and newer (pneumatic driven) CIWS mounts fire at a rate of 4,500 rounds per minute with a 1,550 round magazine. Based on a 1973 design by GenDyn, the Phalanx Close-in weapon system commonly referred to by the GMGs that have to work with them as R2’s after the Star Wars droid that it resembles, has in the past forty years become the standard last-ditch defense against incoming enemy anti-ship missiles.Its 20mm Gatling gun, capable of a ripping off 75 20×102mm rounds per *second* has … The Phalanx is mounted to a variety of vessels in the US Navy, where it is tasked with defending every class of surface combat ship. It can be operated autonomously using its radar to detect and eliminate incoming missiles or aircraft or manually to destroy surface targets. For close in range missile defence the Royal Navy use the Phalanx CIWS which can churn out a phenomenal 70 rounds per second. The ships were attacked by an Iraqi Silkworm missile (often referred to as the Seersucker), at which time the Missouri fired its SRBOC chaff. The Block 1B also allows for an operator to visually identify and target threats. The first antenna, for searching, is located inside the radome on the weapon control group (top of the white-painted portion). 6,000 rounds per minute : Muzzle velocity: 3,450 feet per second (1,050 m/s) with PGU-28/B round: Feed system: Belt or linkless feed system While firing, the system tracks outgoing rounds and 'walks' them onto the target. The M61 has been produced by General Dynamics since 1993, and continues to be a huge success story. application, I do not include these rounds in the table above. Is the range of the target increasing or decreasing in relation to the ship? This proven system was combined with a purpose-made mounting, capable of fast elevation and traverse speeds, to track incoming targets. (HMS Duncan, 2018). The gun fires electrically primed 20x102mm ammunition and usually uses a hydraulic motor for power, though there is a self-powered version, the GAU-4 ( M130 in Army service) which was used in the SUU-23/A / M25 gunpod. The rounds are armor-piercing tungsten penetrator rounds or depleted uranium with discarding sabots. The higher speeds of jet-powered fighter aircraft meant that achieving an effective number of hits would be extremely difficult without a much higher volume of fire. 15 Phalanx weapon system. The gun mount moves at a very high speed and with great precision. An entirely self-contained unit, the mounting houses the gun, an automated fire control system and all other major components, enabling it to automatically search for, detect, track, engage, and confirm kills using its computer-controlled radar system. The Phalanx CIWS is a close-in weapon system for defending against anti-ship missiles. Although the drone was successfully engaged at close range, the target debris bounced off the sea surface and struck the ship. The first prototype system was offered to the U.S. Navy for evaluation on USS King in 1973 and it was determined that additional improvements were required to improve performance and reliability. Using radar to locate the incoming threat, the revolving gun puts out up to 75 Rounds in the span of ONE second. [18] A Sea Dart missile was then launched from the Gloucester in a 'tail end' engagement; destroying the Iraqi missile as it passed between the Gloucester and the Missouri, achieving the first successful engagement of a missile by a missile during combat at sea. Breaking Military News And Defense Technology. The CIWS is designed to be the last line of defense against antiship missiles. The Phalanx CIWS is built around the 20 mm Vulcan cannon Capable of firing 4,500 rounds per minute or 75 rounds per second. If drones have come that close to the USN ships, the larger, much more powerful radars have been not working properly, or someone has seriously screwed up. Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS) The Block 1 CIWS mounts also fired at 3,000 rounds per minute with an extended magazine drum holding 1,550 rounds. Armed with a 20 mm M61A1 Gatling gun the unit is capable of firing 4500 20MM rounds per minute. The ammunition handling system has two conveyor belt systems. The gun mount moves at a very high speed and with great precision. "[32] Currently in the trial stages, SeaRAM is fitted to the Independence Class Littoral Combat Ship.[32]. The Block 1B is also used by other navies such as Canada, Portugal, Japan, Egypt, Bahrain, and the UK. Public Domain. [23][31], Utilising the armament of the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, and based on the mounting and targeting systems of the Phalanx, SeaRAM was developed in response to concerns about the performance of gun-based systems against modern, super-sonic sea-skimming anti-ship missiles. Subsequently, the Phalanx Operational Suitability Model (OSM) successfull… Syndication © Copyright Military Leak 2020, All Rights Reserved. These high powered rapid fire lasers are capable of firing up to 100 rounds per second, per gun. Again it depends. It takes six to eight months to train a technician to maintain, operate, and repair the CIWS. The rounds are armor-piercing tungsten penetrator rounds or depleted uranium with discardable sabots. ... Because the incoming missile is moving very fast, you need to be able to fire off the second round quickly enough to kill the target. However the swift and effective development and performance of Israels' indigenous Iron dome system has ruled out any purchase and deployment of Centurion. On February 10, 1983, the USS Antrim was conducting a live fire exercise off the east coast of the United States using the Phalanx against a target drone. From this burst, four rounds hit Missouri which was two to three miles (about 5 km) from Jarrett at the time. Whereas naval Phalanx systems fire tungsten armor-piercing rounds, the C-RAM uses the 20MM HEIT-SD (High-Explosive Incendiary Tracer, Self-Destruct) ammunition, originally developed for the M163 Vulcan Air Defense System. The Phalanx throws out solid ammunition art a rate of around 75 rounds per second. The U.S. Army's answer: A series of massive six-barreled, 20mm Gatlin guns that spew up to 75 rounds per second. Each system consists of a modified Phalanx 1B CIWS, powered by an attached generator and mounted on a trailer for mobility. The CIWS does not recognize identification friend or foe, also known as IFF. There were no injuries. DSARC-III followed OPEVAL which was followed by approval for production in 1978. Due to this self-contained nature, Phalanx is ideal for support ships which lack integrated targeting systems and generally have limited sensors. There are many other subsystems which together ensure proper operation, such as environmental control, transmitter, mount movement control, power control and distribution, and so on. It began deployment to Iraq in 2005,[22][24] where it was set up to protect forward operating bases and other high-value sites in and around the capital, Baghdad.
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